REVIEW 

DIAGRAMS 



OK- 



i United States History, Civil Government, Geography, 
I Grammar, Reading, Arithmetic, Physiology, 
I and Penmanship. 



BY J. W. 'hUNIPHRKY 

Principal Wayland Union Schools. 



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MICHIGAN 

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R EVIEW 



DIAGRAMS 



OF- 



U. S. History, Civil Government, Geography, Grammar, 
Reading, Arithmetic, Physiology, and Penmanship. 



BY 



J. W. HUIMLPHRKY, 

Fr*inoip>ELl ■Wa.yla.nci XJnion. Solaools. 



^ MAY 23 1883', 



WAYLAND, MICH.: 

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR. 

1883. 



V^A^l 



\ 



COPYRIGHTED, 1883. 

BT 
JAMES W. HUMPHREY. 



I 



PREFACE. 



This book is intended for the use of those who desire to 
reviefvv, and, at the same time, to offer to the young teacher 
blackboard work which, if intelligently handled, cannot fail of 
good results. The " Diagrams" have grown out of the belief 
that "illustration is the basis of successful teaching," and that 
what is seen is best understood. They were prepared for my 
own class work, but, by the request of many of my fellow teach- 
ers and pupils, I have consented to have them published, with 
the hope that they may assist in making the recitation hour both 
pleasant and profitable. 



PKINTED BY 

D. C. HENDERSON A CO , 

Publishers Journal and Tribune. 

ALLEGAN. MICH. 

1883. 



United States History, 



PERIODS— 

Aboriginal, to 986. 

Voyage and discovery, 986 to 1607. 

Colonial, 1607 to 1775. 

Revolutionary and (Jonfederation, 1775 to 1789. 

National, 1789 lo 1883. 

ABORIGINAL, to 986— 

Mound Builders— Indians— Esquimaux. 

Name. 

Origin. 

Tribe. 

Customs. 

Language. 

Implenjents. 

Writing. 

Number. 

VOYAGE AND DISCOVKRV, ijb6 to i::o7— 
Norsemen. 
Spanish. 
English. 
French. 
Dutch. 

NORSEMEN— 

Herjulfson, 986. 
Leif Erickson, looi. 
Thorwald Erickson, 1002. 
Thorslein Erickson, 1005. 
Thorfinn Karlsefne, 1007. 

SPANISH— 

Columbus, 1492, 1493, 1498, 1502. 
Vespucci, 1499, 1 50 1. 



6 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

Ponce de Leon, 15 12. 
De Balboa, 15 13. 
Cortez, 1519-1521. 
Magellan, 1520. 
De Solo, 1541- 

ENGLISH— 

The Cabots, 1494-1497. 
Drake, 1579. 
Gilbert, 15H3. 
Raleigh, 1584. 
Gosnold, 1602. 
Pring, 1603. 

I'RKNCH— 

Dduys, 1506. 
Verrazzani, 1524. 
Carder, 1534. 

DUrCH— 

Henry Hudson, 1609. 



COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS. 

SPANISH— 

Isdmuis of Darien, 15 10. 
St. Augustine, 1565. 
S;uua Fe, 1582. 
San Diego, 1769. 

ENGLISH - 

Jamestown, 1607. 
Plymouth, 1620. 
Salem, 1629. 
Rhode Island, 1636. 

I'RENCH— 

Port Royal, 1605. 

Quebec, 1608. 

Detroit, 1701. 
DUICH— 

New York, 1623. 

Ft. Orange or Albany. 1624, 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS. 

KING WILLIAM'S WAR. 

1689 to 1697. 
CAUSE— 

English Revolution of 1688-1689 : King William versus 
Louis XIV., and James IT. 

EVENTS— 

Dover, N. H., massacre, June 27, 1689; Schenectady, 
N. v., massacre, Feb. 9, 1690; Salmon Falls, Maine, 
massacre, March 28, 1690; Casco Bay, Maine, massa- 
cre, May 21, 1690; Nova Scotia expedition, May, 
1690; Canada expedition, October, 1690; Oyster 
River, N. H., massacre, July 25, 1694; Haverhill, Mass., 
massacre, March 25, 1697. 

RESULT— 

Confirmation of King William to English throne ; 
Territory in U. S. to remain unchanged; Treaty of 
Ryswick, Sept. 2c, 1697. 

QUEEN ANNE'S WAR. 

1702 to 1713. 
CAUSE— 

Spanish Succession ; England versus France ; Queen 
Anne versus Louis XIV. 

EVENTS— 

St. Augustine expedition. May, 1702; Appalacliian 
expedition, December, 1702; Attack against Charles- 
ton, 1706; Tuscaroras war, 17 12; Yamdsses war, 1715 ; 
Port Royal expedition, 1710; Canada expedition, 171 1. 

RESULT— 

Confirmation of Philip V. to the Spanish throne ; 
Acadia ceded to England ; treaty of Utrecht, April 
II, 1713- 

KING GEORGE'S WAR. 
1744 to 1748, 
CAUSE— 

Austrian Succession; England versus France; George 
II. versus Louis XV. 



8 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 



EVENTS— 

Capture of Louisburg, 1745 ; D'Arville expedition, 
1746. 

RESULT— 

Confirmation of Maria Theresa to the Austrian throne; 
territory in U. S. restored; treaty of Aix la Chapelle. 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

1754 to 1763. 

CAUSK— 

I'erritoria! dispute; Cieorge II. and Colonies versus 
Louis XV. 

KVKN IS— 

Washington's journey, 1753; Ft. Du Quesne buiU, 
1754; Battle of Great Meadows, 1754; Ft. Necessity 
captured, July 4, 1754; Braddock's defeat, July 9, 
i7^55 j Shirley's expedition, 1755; battle of Lake 
George, 1755; capture of Oswego, 1756; capture of 
Ft. VVni. Henry, 1757; capture of Louisburg, 1758; 
capture of Ft. Du Quesne, 1758; capture of Quebec, 
Sept. 18, 1759; Pontiac war, 1763. 

RESULr— 

Treaty of Paris, in which France cedes all territory 

east of Mississippi to England — west of Mississippi to 

Spain ; Spain cedes Florida to England. 



OFFICERS. 



British. 



French. 



Wolfe, Braddock, Washington, 
Shirley, Johnson, Abercroin- 
bie, Winslow. 



Montcalm, Dieskaw, Jumon- 
ville, Villiers, St. Pierre, 
Pontiac, M. Levi. 



COLONIAL UNIONS. 



UNITED COLONIES OF NEW ENGLAND. 

1643. 
ORGANIZED— 

May 29, 1643. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 



PLACES OF MEETING— 

Boston, Hartford, Ne»v Haven, Plymouth. 

LASTED— 

Forty years. 
OBJECT— 

Protection against Dutch, French, Indians. 

COLONIES— 

Massachusetts, Plymouth, New Plaven, Connecticut. 

representation- 
Two from each colony ; qualification, church member- 
ship. 

ASSEMBLY OF NEW YORK. 

1690. 
ME r IN— 

New York ; lasted seven years. 

OBJECT— 

Protection against P^rench and Indians. 

COLONIES— 

New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut. 

COLONIAL CONGRESS. 

1765- 

MET IN— 

New York, October 7-24, 1765. 

CAUSE— 

Stamp act. 

COLONIES— 

New York. New Jersey, Delaware, South Carolina, 
Maryland, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Connecticut, 
Massachusetts. 

PROCEEDINGS— 

Petition to King and Parliament. 

RESULT— 

Repeal of Stamp Act. 



10 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 



FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS. 

1774. 
MET IN— 

Philadelphia, September 5 to October 26. 

CAUSES— 

Mutiny Act; Revenue Act on Teas, etc.; British troops 
in Boston ; Boston Massacre ; Boston Port Bill. 

COLONIES — 

All except Georgia 
PROCEEDINGS— 

Declaration of rights ; petition to King and Parliament; 
agreement not to use British imports; agreed upon 
another Congress, to meet in May, 1775. 

SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS. 



1775- 



MET IN— 



CAUSE- 



Philadelphia, May 
Dec. 12, 1776. 



l^rilish aggression. 



August I, Sept. 5, 1775, and 



COLONIES— 

New York, New Jersey, Delaware, South Carolina, 
Maryland, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Conneclicut, 
Massachusetts, Virginia. North Carolina, New Hamp- 
shire, Georgia. 

PROCEEDINGS— 

Voted to raise an army of 20,000 ; chose Washington 
commander in-chief, June 15, 1775 ; authorized an is- 
sue of $300,000 ; organized P. O. department, July 26, 
17755 appointed committee to draft Declaration of 
Independence and Articles of Confederation, June 11, 
1776; Declar-^.tion of Independence adopted, July 4, 
1776. 

CONTINENTAL PRESIDENTS— 

Peyton Randolph, Henry Middleton, John Hancock, 
Henry Laurens, John Jay, Samuel Huntington, Thomas 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 11 

McKean, John Hanson, Elias Boudinot, Thomas Mif- 
flin, Richard Henry Lee, Nathaniel Gorham, Arthur 
Si. Clair, Cyrus Griffin. 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

CAUSE— 

Taxation without representation ; obstinacy of King; 
growth of Colonies ; bad Royal Governors; remote- 
ness of Colonies ; love of liberty. 

BATTLES— 

1775 — Lexington, April 19; Bunker Hill, June 17; 
Crown Point, May 12; Quebec, Dec. 31, 
1776 — Boston, March 17; White Plains, Oct. 28; Tren- 
ton, Dec. 26. 

1777 — Bennington, Aug. 16; Brandywine, Sept. 11; 
Saratoga, Oct. 17. 

1778 — Monmouth, June 28 ; Wyoming, July 3. 
1779 — Flamboro, Sept. 23; Savannah, Oct. 9. 
1 780 — Hanging Rock, Aug. 6 ; King's Mountain, Oct 7. 
1781 — Cowpens, Jan. 17; Hobkirk's Hill, April 25 ; 
York town, Oct. 19. 

RESULT— 

Treaty of Paris, Sept. 3, 1783. 



PRESIDENTS OE UNITED STATES. 

GEORGE WASHINGTON, Virginia. 

1789-1797 — 8 Years. 
Born February 22, 1732; Died December 14, 1799. 

VICE-PRESIDKNT— 

John Adams. 

CABINET— 

Secretaries of State, Thomas Jefferson, Edmund Ran- 
dolph, and Timothy Pickering; Secretaries of Treas- 
ury, Alexander Hamilton and Oliver Wolcott; Secreta- 



12 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 



ries of War and Navy*. Henry Knox, Timothy Pick- 
ering and James McHenry; Attorneys-General, Ed- 
mund Randolph, Wm. Bradford and Charles Lee; Post- 
niasters-Generalf, Samuel Osgood, Timothy Pickering 
and Joseph Habersham. 

IMPORTANT EVENTS— 

First national bank; Genet trouble; whisky insurrec- 
tion ; capital selected ; treaty with Spain ; first census, 
3,929,214. 

STATES ADMITTED- 

Vermont, 1791; Kentucky, 1792; Tennessee, 

INVENTIONS- 

Cotton gin by Eli Whitney. 



1796. 



JOHN ADAMS, Massachusetts. 

1797-1801 — 4 Years. 
Born October 30, 1735 -' ^^^^^ ^i^^y 4, 1826. 

VICE-PKESIDENT— 

Thomas Jefferson. 

CABINET— 

Secretaries of State, Timothy Pickering and John Mar- 
shall; Secretaries of Treasury, Oliver Wolcott and 
Samuel Dexter; Secretaries of War, James McHenry, 
Samuel Dexter and Roger Griswold; Secretaries of 
Navy, George Cabot and Benjamin Stoddert; Attor- 
ney-General, Charles Lee; Poiftmaster-General, Joseph 
Habersham. 

LM PORT A NT EVENTS— 

Alien and sedition laws; capital moved to \V'ashington; 
, death of Patrick Henry; quasi French war; navy de- 
partment established; death ot Washington; 12th 
amendment. 

THOMAS JEFFERSON, Virginia. 

1801-180Q — 8 Years. 
Bo7yi 1743; Diec^ 1826. 

=^The War Department, as created by Act of Congress, August 7. 1789. had also 
the superintendence ot Naval Affairs. A separation took place in April, 1798, when 
a >Javy Department was established. 

I From the organization of the Government down to 1829 the Postmasters-Gen- 
eral were not recognized as members of the Cabinet, but are herein printed as such 
for the sake of uniformity. 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 13 

YU'E-PKESIDEXTS— 

Aaron Burr; George Clinton. 

(A [31 NET— 

Secretary of State, James Madison; Secretaries of 
Treasury, Samuel Dexter and Albert Gallatin; Secre- 
tary of War, Henry Dearborn; Secretaries of Navy, 
Benjamin Stoddert, Robert Smith and Jacob Crown- 
inshield; Attorneys-General, Theophilus Parsons, Levi 
Lincoln, Robert Smith, John Breckenridge and Cajsar 
A. Rodney; Postmasters-General, Joseph Habersham 
and Gideon Granger. 

LMPORTANT EVENTS- 

Louisiana purchase, ($15,000,000); Hamilton shot; 
Webster's dictionary; war with Tripoli. 

STATES ADMITTED- 

Ohio, 1 8c 2. 
INVEXriOXS- 

Steamboat by Robert Fulton, 1807. 

JAMES MADISON, Virginia. 

1 809-1 8 1 7— 8 Years. 
Born 1 751; Died \^T,6. 

VirE-PIlESIDENTS- 

Cieorge Clinton ; Elbridge Gerry. 

CABINET— 

Secretaries of State, Robert Smith and James Monroe; 
Secretaries of Treasury, Albert Gallatin, George W. 
Campbell and Alexander J. Dallas; Secretaries of War, 
Wm. Eusiis, John Armstrong, James Monroe and Wm. 
H. Crawford; Secretaries of Navy, Paul Hamilton, 
William Jones and Benjamin W. Crowninshield ; At- 
torneys-General, Caesar A. Rodney, Wm. Pinkney and 
Richard Rush; Postmasters-General, Gideon Granger 
and Return J. Meigs. 

STATES ADMITTED- 

Louisiana, 1812; Indiana, 1816. 

IMPORTANT EVENTS- 

Fiist savings bank; war of 18] 2; Hartford conven- 



14 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 



orders in council; 



Aui 



Mich., 
13; off 
. 18; 



tion ; treaty of Ghent; Algerine war; first ocean 
steamer. 

War of 1812-1814. — 22 Years. 
CAUSES— 

Impressment of American seamen 
Milan decree; embargo. 

events- 
Battles OF i8t2 — Land: Brownstown, Mich 
5 ; Queenstown, Canada, Aug. 9 ; Frenchtown, 
Oct. 13. Naval: Off Newfoundland, Aug. 
Massachusetts, Aug. 19; near Canary islands, Oct 
off San Salvador, Dec. 29. 
Battles of 1813 — Land: York, Canada, April 27; 
Fort Meigs, May 5 ; Sackett's Harbor, May 29 ; 
'I'hames, Canada, Oct. 5; Chrysler's Field, Nov. 11. 
Naval: Off Demarra, Feb. 24; Massachusetts Bay, 
June I ; Coast of Maine, Sept. 5 ; Lake Erie, Sept. 10. 
Battles OF 1 8 14 — Land: Chippewa, July 4; Lundy's 
Lane, July 25*; Fort Erie, Aug. 15 ; Plattsburg, Sept. 
11; Fort McHenry, Sept. 13 Naval: Off coast of 
Florida, April 29; near Africa, Sept. i; Lake Cham- 
plain, Sept. II ; Lake Borgne, Dec. 14. 

RESULTS- 

Permanent treaty of Ghent, Feb. 18 
of American naval power. 



recognition 



JAMES MONROE, Virginia. 

1817-1825— 8 Years. 
Bom 1758; Died 1831. 

VICE-PRESIDENT— 

D. D. I'ompkins. 

CABINET- 

Secretary of State, John Q. Adams; Secretary of 
Treasury, William H. Crawford; Secretaries of War, 
Isaac Shelby and John C. Calhoun; Secretaries of 
Navy, B. W. Crowninshield, Smith Thompson, John 
Rogers, and Samuel L. Southard; Attorney-General, 
William Wirt ; Postmasters-General, Return J. Meigs 
and John McLean. 

IMPORTANT EVENTS- 

Florida purchase; Missouri compromise; Monroe 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 15 

doctrine; visit of La Fayette ; election of J. Q. Adams 
by House of Representatives. 

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, Massachusetts, 

1825-1829 — 4 Years. 
Born ijG'j ; Vied 1848. 

VICE-PRESIDENT- 

John C. Calhoun. 

CABIXET- 

Secretary of State, Henry Clay; Secretary of Treasury, 
Richard Rush ; Secretaries of War, James Barbour and 
Peter B. Porter; Secretary of Navy, Samuel L. South- 
ard; Attorney-General, William Wirt; Postmaster- 
General, John McLean. 

STATES ADMITTED— 

None. 
IMPORTANT EVENTS- 

Erie Canal ; American Tract Society; death of John 
Adams and Thomas Jefferson, on the fiftieth anniver- 
sary of Independence; protective tariff. 
INVENTIONS- 

Railroad by George Stephenson. 

ANDREW JACKSON, Tennessee. 

1829-1837 — 8 Years. 
Born 1767 ; Z>ied 1845. 

VICE-PRESIDENTS- 

John C. Calhoun ; Martin Van Buren. 

(WBINET— 

Secretaries of State, Martin Van Buren, Edward Liv- 
ingston, Louis McLane and John Forsyth; Secretaries 
of Treasury, Samuel D. Ingham, Louis McLane, Wil- 
liam J. Duane, Roger B. Taney and Levi Woodbury; 
Secretaries of War, John H. Eaton and Lewis Cass; 
Secretaries of Navy, John Branch, Levi Woodbury and 
Mahlon Dickerson; Attorneys General, John M. Ber- 
rien, Roger B. Taney and Benjamin F. Butler; Post- 
masters-General, William T. Barry and Amos Kendall. 

STATES ADMITTED- 

Arkansas, 1836; Michigan, 1837. 



16 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 



IMPORTANT EVENTS- 

Black Hawk war; first asylum for blind; abolition of 
U. S. bank; fifth census (12,856,165); Clay's tariff 
compromise. 

MARTIN VAN BUREN, New York. 

1837-1841— 4 Years. 
Born 1773; Died 1862. 

VICE-PRESIDENT— 

Richard M. Johnson. 

CABINET— 

Secretary of State, John Forsyth; Secretary of Treas- 
ury, Levi Woodbury; Secretary of War, Joel R. Poin- 
sett; Secretaries of Navy, Mahlon Dickerson and 
James K. Pauldmg; Attorneys-General, Benjamin F. 
Butler, Felix Grundy and Henry D. Gilpin; Postmas- 
ters-General, Amos Kendall and John M. Niles. 

IMPORTANT EVENTS- 

Financial panic; Osceola captured; Lovejoy murdered 
by mob; first secession; sub-treasury bill. 

WILLIAM H. HARRISON, Ohio. 

1841 — I Month. 
Born 1782 ; Died April \, 1841. 

VICE-PRESIDENT- 
John Tyler. 
CABINET— 

Secretary of Suate, Daniel Webster; Secretary of Treas- 
ury, 'Thomas Ewing:; Secretary of War, John Bell; 
Secretary of Navy, George E. Badger; Attorney-Gen- 
eral, John J. Crittenden; Postmaster- General, Francis 
Granger. 

JOHN TYLER, Virginia. 

1841-1845 — 3 Years 11 Months, 
Born 1790; Died 1862. 
CABINET- 

Secretary of State, Daniel Webster, Hugh S. Legare, 
Abel P. Upshur, John Nelson and John C. Calhoun ; 



UNITED ST A TES HI ST OR F. 1 7 

Secretaries of Treasury, Walter Forward, John C. Spen- 
cer and George M. Bibb; Secretaries of War, John 
Bell, John C. Spencer, James M. Porter and William 
Wilkins; Secretaries of Navy, George E. Badger, Abel 
P. Upshur, David Henshaw, Thomas W. Gilmer and 
John Y. Mason; Attorneys-General, John J. Critten- 
den, Hugh S. Legare and John Nelson; Postmasters- 
General, Francis Granger and Charles A. Wickliffe. 

IMPORTANT EVENTS- 

Anti-Mormon excitement; treaty of Washington ; Free 
Soil party; bankrupt law. 

STATES ADMITTEO- 

Texas, 1845; Florida, 1845. 
INVEXTIOXS— 

Magnetic telegraph by Samuel F. B. Morse; vulcan- 
ized rubber by Charles Goodyear. 



JAMES K.POLK, Tennessee. 

1 845- 1 849 - 4 Years. 
Bom 1795; Z>;W/ 1849. 
VICE ITIESl DENT - 

George M. Dallas. 
CABINET— 
I Secretary of State, James Buchanan; Secretary of 

j Treasury, Robert J. Walker; Secretary of War, Wm. 

I L. Marcy ; Secretaries of Navy, George Bancroft and 

j John Y. Mason ; Attorneys-General, John Y. Mason, 

i Nathan Clifford and Isaac Toucey; Postmaster-Gener- 

j al. Cave Johnson. 

I I M PO RT A N r E V EN TS— 

j Mexican war; naval academy established; Smithson- 

ian institute; independent treasury; gold discovered 
in California; department of interior established; slav- 
ery prohibited in territories. 

STATES ADMITTED— 

Iowa, 1846; Wisconsin, 1848. 

INVENTIONS- 

Sewing machine by Elias Howe, jr. 



18 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 



Mexican War — 1845-1848. 



CAUSE- 



Annexation of Texas. 



EVENTS- 

Taylor's campaign, April, 1846, to February, 1847; 
Fremont's conquest of California, March, 1846, to 
January, 1847; Kearney's conquest of New Mexico, 
June to August, 1846; Doniphan's expedition, New 
Mexico, November, 1846, to June, 1847; Scott's cam- 
paign in Mexico, March, 1847, to September, 1848. 

RESULT8- 

Annexation of New Mexico, Utah, and California; 
treaty of Gaudalupe Hidalgo, February 2, 1848. 

ZACHARY TAYLOR, Louisiana. 
1849 — I Year 4 Months. 
Born 1784; Died 1850. 
VICE IMIESIDEXT- 

Millard Fillmore. 
CABINET- 

Secretary of State, John M. Clayton; Secretary of 
Treasury, William M. Meredith; Secreiary of War, (jco. 
W.Crawford; Secretary of Navy, William H. Preston; 
Secreiary of Interior, Thomas Ewing; Postmaster- 
General, Jacob Collamer; Altorney-General, Reverdy 
Johnson. 

IMPOIMWNT EVEN TS- 

Squatter sovereignty; death of Calhoun; Clay's omni- 
bus bill; Nashville secession convention. 

MILLARD FILLMORE, New York. 

1850-1853 — 2 Years 8 Months. 
Born 1800; Died 1874. 
CABIN ET- 

Secretaries of State, Daniel Webster and Edward Ever- 
ett; Secretaryof Treasury, Thomas Corwin; Secretaries 
of War, Winheld Scott, ad interim^ and Charles M. 
Conrad; Secretaries of Navy, William A. Graham and 
John P. Kennedy; Secretary of Interior, Alexander H. 
H. Stuart; Postmasters-General, Nathan K. Hall and 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 19 

Samuel D. Hubbard; Attorney-General, John J. Crit- 
tenden. 
IMPORTANT EVEXTS- 

Fugitive slave law; Kane's Arctic exhibition; death of 
Clay; death of Webster. 

FRANKLIN PIERCE, New Hampshire. 

1853-1B57— 4 Years. 
Bom 1804; Died 1869. 

VICE-PRESIDEXT- 

William R. King. Died April 18, 1853. 

CABINET- 

Secretary of State, William L. Marcy; Secretary of 
Treasury, James Guthrie; Srcretary of War, Jefferson 
Davis; Secretary of Navy, J. C. Dobbin; Secretary of 
Interior, Robert McClelland; Postmaster-General, 
James Campbell; Attorney-General, Caleb Gushing. 

IMPORTANT EVEN FS- 

Knovv-Nothing party; Gadsden purchase ($10,000,000); 
second Kane expedition; Kansas-Nebraska bill; dis- 
ruption of American party; Sumner assaulted by 
Brooks; Republican party organized; Martin Koszta 
affair; treaty with Japan. 

JAMES BUCHANAN, Pennsylvania. 

1857-1861 — 4 Years. 
Bom 1 791; Died 1S6S. 

yiCE-PRESlDEXr- 

J. C. Breckenridge. 

(\VBlNEr- 

Secretaries of State, Lewis Cass and Jeremiah S. 
Black; Secretaries of Treasury, Howell Cobb, Philip 
F. Thomas and John A. Dix; Secretaries of War, John 
B. Floyd and Joseph Holt; Secretary of Navy, Isaac 
Toucey; Secretary of Interior, Jacob Thompson; At- 
torneys-General, Jeremiah S. Black and Edwin M. 
Stanton; Postmasters-General, Aaron V. Brown, Jo- 
seph Holt and Horatio King. 

IMPORTANT EVENTS- 

Dred Scott decision; treaty of Denmark; war with 
Brigham Young; execution of John Brown; secession 
begun; seceded states — South Carolina Dec. 20, i860, 



20 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 



Mississippi, Jan, lo, 1861, F'orida, Jan. 10, 1861, Ala- 
bama. Jan. II, 1861, Georgia, Jan. 18, 1861, Louisi- 
ana, Jan. 26, 1861, Texas, Feb. i, 1861 ; Crittenden 
compromise; southern confederacy. 
STATES ADMITTED— 

Minnesota, 1858; Oregon, 1859; Kansas, 1861 ; 

ABRAHAM LINCOLN, Illinois. 

1861-1865— 4 Years, i Month. 
Bom 1809; Died 1865. 

yiCE-PKESIDENTTS- 

Hannibal HamHn ; Andrew Johnson. 

CABINET- 

Secretary of State, WilHain H. Seward ; Secretaries of 
Treasury, Salmon P. Chase, William P. Fessenden and 
Hugh McCuUoch; Secretaries of War. Simon Camer- 
on and Edwin M. Stanton; Secret.iry of Navy, Gideon 
Welles; Secretaries of Interior, Caleb B. Smith and 
John P. Usher; Postmasters-General, Montgomery 
Blair and William Dennison; Attorneys-General, Ed- 
ward Piates and James Speed. 

STATES A DM I PTED- 

West Virginia, 1863; Nevadn, 1864. 

I M PO R T A X I' E V E \ Ts - 

Civil .var, 1861-1865 ; secession completed — Virginia, 
April 17, 1861, Arkansas, May 6, 1861, North Caroli- 
na, May 20, 1861, Tennessee, June 8, 1861 ; confeder- 
acy recognized by England, May )3, i86r, France, 
June 10, 1861, Spain, June 17, 1861, Portugal, July 29, 
1861 ; legal tender act; Lee surrendered, April 9, 1865 ; 
Lincoln assassinated, April 14, 1865. 



Civil War. 



CAUSE- 



EVENTS 



Slavery, 



1861: Surrender of Ft. Sumter, April 13; president 
calls for 75,000 volunteers, April 15; Baltimore mob, 
April 19; Ellsworth shot, April 24; president calls for 
82,748 volunteers, May; Rich Mountain, July 11; Bull 
Run, July 21; president calls for 500,000 volunteers; 
Trent affair, November 8. 
1862: Ft. Henry, Tennessee, captured, E'ebruaryC: 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 



21 



Ft Donelson, Tennessee, captured, February i6; Nash- 
ville, Tennessee, February 23 ; battle of Shiloh, April 
6-7; Yorktovvn, Virginia, taken May 4; Memphis cap- 
tured. June 6 ; president calls for 300,000 volunteers, 
July; president calls for 300,000 volunteers, August; 
second Bull Run, August 29; Antietam, September 17, 
1863: Emancipation proclamation, January i ; presi- 
dent calls for 100,000 volunteers, June; Gettysburg, 
July 1-3; surrender of Vicksburg, July 4; Chickamau- 
ga, September 19-20; president calls for 300,000 vol- 
unteers, October; amnesty proclamation, December 8. 
1864: President calls for 200,000 men, February ; pres- 
ident calls for 200,000 men, March; president calls 
for 85,000 men, April; Atlanta campaign. May 5 to 
September 2; pre.-iident calls for 500,000 men, July ; 
Nashville campaign, C^ctober i to December 20; Sher- 
man's march to the sea, November 17 to December 17; 
pre.^'ident calls for 300,000 men, December. 
1865: Surrender of Lee to Grant, April q; Lincoln 
assassinated l\v Booth, April 14; Jeff Davis captured 
at Irwinsville, Georgia, May 10; army disbanded, Au- 
gust I. 
RESULTS- 

Slavery abolished; union restored. 

Strength of U. S. Army During Rebeiiion. 



Date of call 



April 15, 1S6I 

Mays. 1^6l 

July 22 ana 25, 1861 . 
May and June. I8d2 

July 2. 1862 

August 4. 1832 - 

June 15, 186S 

October 17 1863 

February 1,1864 

March li 1834 

April 28 1861 

July 18 1864 

December ly 1861 .. 



Total 



ISUMBEK 


No. 


CALLED. 


OBT*D 


75 000 


93,326 


Si. '48 / 
500 OJj i 


714,231 




15,007 


300 000 


431,958 


HUO 000 


87 588 


lon.ono 


16 361 


300 000 ( 
200,('00 \ 


374,807 


200 000 


284,021 


85.000 


83,652 


500.008 


384.882 


300.000 


204 568 


2 942,748 


2,690,401 



Length of service. 

Three months. 

Three Years. 

Three months. 
Three yeais. 
Nine months. 
Jfix months. 

Two years. 

Three years. 

One hundred days. 

One, two, or three years. 



ANDREW JOHNSON, Tennessee. 

I865-1869— 3 Years 11 Months. 
Born 1808; Died 1875. 
CABINET— 

Secretary of State, William H. Seward; Secretary of 



22 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 



Treasury, Hugh McCulloch ; Secretaries of War, Ed- 
win M. Stanton* and John M, Schofield ; Secretary of 
Navy, Gideon Welles ; Secretaries of Interior, James 
Harlan and O. H. Browning; Postinaster-General, Al- 
exander W. Randall; Attorneys-General, James Speed, 
H. F. Stanbery and William M. Evarts. 

IMPORTANT EVENTS- 

International ocean telegraph; amnesty proclamation; 
thirteenth amendment (prohibiting slavery) ; civil rights 
bill; impeachment; department of education; bank- 
ruptcy act ; fourteenth amendment; Alaska purchased 

($7,200,000). 

STATES ADMITTED- 

Ncbraska, 1867. 

ULYSSES S. GRANT, Illinois. 

1869-1877— 8 Years. 

Born 1822, 
VICEPKESIDEXrS- 

Schuyler Colfax; Henry Wilson. 
CABINET— 

Secretary of State, Hamilton Fish; Secretaries of 
Treasury, G. S. Boutwell, W. A. Richardson and Lot 
M. Morrill: Secretaries of War, J. A. Rawlins, W\ W. 
Belknap and James D. Cameron; Secretaries of Navy, 
Adolph E. Borie and G. W. Kobeson ; Secretaries of 
Interior, J. D. Cox, C. Delano and Zachariah Chand- 
- ler; Postmasters-General, J. A. J. Creswell, Marshall 
Jewell and James N. Tyner; Attorneys-General, E. R. 
Hoar, A. T. Ackerman, G. H. Williams and A. Taft. 

IMPORTANT EVENTS- 

Pacific railroad-, reconstruction completed; fifteenth 
amendment; ku-klux klan ; Chicago tire; Alabama 
claims ($15,500,000); centennial exposition. 

STATES ADM ITTED- 

Colorado, 1876. 



'"Suspended August 12, 1837, anl Gen. U. S. Grant appointed ad interim; but, 
bv order of the S^n;ite. Mr. dtanton was reinstated In the War Office, January 14, 
1838. February 21 1858, Mr. Stinton was removed from office, and Gen. Lorenzo 
Thomas, the adjutant General, was appointed Secretary of War ad interim: but 
the Senate did not concur, and Mr. Stanton continued in office. May 26, 1868, the 
Senate, as a Court of Impe:ichment, having failed, Mr. Stanton voluntarily retired 
from the War Office 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 28 

RUTHERFORD B. HAYES, Ohio. 

1877-1881 — 4 Years. 
Born 1822. 

VICErRP:siDKNT— 

William A. Wheeler. 

(CABINET— 

Secretary of State, William M. Evarts; Secretary of 
Treasury, John Sherman; Secretary of War, George 
W. McCrary ; Secretary of Navy, Richard M. Thomp- 
son ; Secretary of Interior, Carl Schurz ; Postmaster- 
General, David M. Key; Attorney-General, Charles 
Devens. 

IMPORTANT EVENTS- 

Railroad strike; remonetization of silver; resumption 
act; yellow fever epidemic; resumption of specie 
payment. 

JAMES A. GARFIELD. Ohio. 

1881—6 Months, 15 Days. 
Born 1831 ; Died 1881. 

VI(T:-PHh:slI)ENT— 

Chester A. Arthur. 

CAHlN%r- 

Secretary of State, James G. Blnine ; Secretary of 
Treasury, William Windom ; Secretary ot War, Rob- 
ert T. Lincoln; Secretary of Navy, William H. Hunt; 
Secretary of Interior, Samuel J. Kirkwood; Postmas- 
ter-Cicneral, Thomas L. James; Attorney-General, 
Wayne McVeagh. 

IMI»OUrANr EVENTS— 

Civil service reform ; president assassinated by C. J. 
Guiteau, July 2; death of President Garfield, Sept. 19. 

CHESTER A. ARTHUR, New York. 

1881. 
Born 1830. 
( ABINET— 

Secretary of State, Frederick T. Frelinghuysen ; Sec- 
retary of Treasury, Charles J. Folger ; Secretary of 
War, Robert T. Lincoln; Secretary of Navy, William 
E. Chandler; Secretary of Interior, Henry M. Teller; 
Postmasters-General, 'Fimothy (). Howe and Walter 
Q. Gresham ; Attorney- General, Benjamin H. Brewster. 

IMPORTANT EVENTS— 

Trial of C. J. Guiteau, November 17, 1881, to Janu- 



24 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 



ary 25, 1882; execution of C. J. Guiteau, June 30 , 
1882 ; river and harbor bill. 



CO 
W 
H 
< 
H 
c/3 

Q 

W 
H 

D 

W 

H 

o 

C/D 

h 
2 

W 
Q 

CO 

W 

Oh 

w 



00 ^rH ci— ■ uiirs 

3CiriGC30.aca6 ^oo 

cc "^ -# •* 30 1^ J 



= :t ^- 1.' ". 






:;^ -^-5 









• OC C3C 30 -^ 3D ■ 






»-» ^. C». t»i >> t-v c»-. >» 
Xrt--^C^'-t<rt«'>*«IC3D' 



UOJIBJ 

nShKiii 



t^L-JuxGootacococQc'SsoSSaDooxSjcoBoo 






-II S' 



1 L- 


















:a^^s 






p^^ M^.= -;?-o3 ^^ = = i!i =p~ c ^ti=E 



o ; _; 
tc ; o 



o 2 



< 9 3 rt 



O C 



=^2 t- 

53 a3 H 



:fflS '•^•? i 









• — a^ «■ 



?P.S==^?.=1 



V. X 

« 1" ^ c 



;s?«?€^: 



1-" 



'sT --s H >^ >^ 1-5 <: S 



s^ 



! t& 1-^ ■<; -"i: ,^ 2: i-j o 



i-iiMirs^ia! 



UNITED STATES HISTORY. 



25 



Acquisition of Territory 


of United 


States. 


Namk. 


Area. 




dow obtaine 1. 


From 
whom. 

England. 

France. 

Spain. 

England 

Mexico. 

Russia. 


Cost. 


Thirteen states 

Louisiana 

Fluridrt 

Northern boundary 


820 680 
899 578 

66.9' 11 
308,052 
318.000 
522,955 

45,535 
577.390 

3 559,091 


1776 
1803 
1819 
1846 
1846 
1847 
18.^3 
1867 


Revolution. 
By purchase 

By treaty. 
By annexation. 
By conquest. 
By purchase. 


S15,000 000 
5,0C0.0l0 


Te.xas 

New Mexico and California 


7,500,000 
18 000.000 
10 000,000 


Alasica .... 


7,200,000 


Total 


S62 700.000 







AMERICAN WARS. 

Dutch war, 1673; King Philip's war, 1675; Bacon's rebel- 
lion, 1676; King William's war, 1689; Queen Anne's war, 1702 : 
King George's \var, 1744; French and Indian war, 1754; Pon- 
tiac's war, 1763 ; .American revolution, 1775; Shay's rebellion, 
1787; Whisky insurrection, 1794; Indian war, 1794; Barbary 
war, 1803; Tecumseh war, 1804; War of 1812, 1812 ; Algerine 
war, 1815 ; First Seminole war, 1817; Second Seminole war, 
1835 ; Toledo war, 1835 ; Patriot war, 1837 ; Dorr's rebellion, 
1842; Mexican war, 1846; The Great Rebellion. 1861. 

SETTLEMENT OF THE STATES. 



STATES. 



SETTLED. 



Where. 



By 
whom. 



President. 



Virginia 

I^ew Yorlc 

MiissH(;h!isetts .. 
Vt-w Hampshire 

Mineettcut 

Mar>land 

Rliode Is'aad... 

Delitware 

North Carolina.. 

New Jer'^ey 

South Carolina. 
Pennsylvania — 

Georgia 

Vermont 

Kentuclcy 

Tennessee 

Ohio 

Louisiana 

Indiana 

Mississippi. 

Illinois 

Alabama 

Maine .-. 

Missouri — 



Jamestown 

New Yorli. 

Plymouth. 

Little Harbor. 

Windsor. 

St. Mary's. 

Providence. 

Wilmington. 

Chowan River 

Elizabeth 

Ashley River. 

Philadelphia. 

Savannah. 

Kcrt Dummer. 

Boonesboro. 
1757 Fort Loudon. 
1788 Marietta. 
16i»9 Iherville. 
1730 Vincenues. 
1716 Natchez. 
1682 Kaslcasliia. 
1711 Mobile. 
1625 Bristol. 
1764 St. Louis. 



1607 
1614 

16:!() 

1623 
1633 
163i 
1636 
16.38 
1650 
1664 
1670 
1682 
1733 
1724 
1775 



English. 

Dutch 

English. 



Swedes 
English, 
butch. 
English. 



French. 



1791) 
1792 y 
1796 i 
1803 
181? I 
1816 f 
18171 
1818 1 

1819 :- 

1820 1 
1821 J 



Washington. 

Jefferson. 
Madison. 

Monroe. 



26 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 



SETTLEMENT OF THE STATES— Continued. 



STATES. 



Arkansas 

Michigan 

Florida- 

Texas 

Iowa 

Wisconsin — 

California 

Minnesota 

Oregon 

Kansas 

West Virginia 

Nevada 

Nebraska — . 
Colorado 



SETTLED. 



16^5 
1670 
1.565 



Where. 



Arkansas POit. 

Detroit. 

St. Augustine. 
1692 j San Antonio. 
18:^31 Burlington. 
166')i(7reen Bay. 



1769 
1846 
1811 

1774 
1850 



San Diego. 
St. Paul. 
Astoria. 

Wheeling. 
Genoa. 



By 
whom. 



French. 

Spaniards. 

English. 
French 
Spaniards. 
Americans 



English 
Americans 



1836 1 

1837 \ 
184.5 
1845/ 
1846 '- 
1848^ 
185(t 
1858/ 
1859 ' 
1861 \ 
1863/ 
1864 \ 
1867 
1876 



President. 



Jackson. 
Tyler. 

Polk. 

Filimorp. 

Buchanan. 

Lincoln. 

Johnson. 
Grant. 



Civil Government 



Kinds of Government. 
PATRIAKCIIAL. 
THEOCRATIC. 
MONARCHY— 

Absolute; limited; hereditary; elective, 
ARISTOCRACY. 
DEMOCRACY— 

Pure democracy; republic. 



NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 

Constitution Ratified^ July 26, 1788. 

DEPARTMENTS— 

ExecuUve; legislative; judicial. 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 27 

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 

President. 
TEHM- 

P'our Years. 

El.KilHII.lTY— 

Natural-born citizen; thirty-five years of age; four- 
teen years a resident of the United States. 

now ELECTED— 

Electors; house of representatives. 
OATH. 

IMPEA(UI.\1KXT. 
.SALARY- 

$50,000. 
POWERS AND DU II ES— 

Military: {a) Army and navy; {/f) Militin. 
Civil: (^) Cabinet; (Z') Reprieves ; pardons; (c) 
Treaties- (d) Appointments; {e) Messages; (/) Leg- 
islative; (^^) Convene or adjourn congress; (//) Re- 
ceive foreign ministers ; (/) Execute the laws ; (/) Com- 
mission U. S. officers. 

Vice-President. 
TEKM- 

Four years. 

ELIGIlilLlTY- 

Natural born citizen; thirty-five years of age ; fourteen 
years a resident of United States. 

now ELECTED— 

Electors; senate. 

OAT[L 

IMPEACILUEXT. 

SALARY- 
'S. 000. 

POWERS AND DUTIES— 

President of senate ; President of United States. 

Cabinet. 
COMPOSED OF— 

Secretary of State ; Secretary of the Treasury ; Secre- 



28 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 



tary of War; Secretary of the Navy; Secretary of the 
Interior; Postmaster-General; Attorney-General. 

SALARY OF EACn- 

$8,000 per annum. 

CONGRESS. 

COMPOSED OF— 

Senate and House of Representatives. 
MEETS- 

First Monday in December each year. 

Senate. 
COMPOSED OF— 

Two members from each State. 
FLIGIBILITY- 

Thirty years of age ; citizen of the United Slates nine 

yearii ; inhabitant of State. 
TERM- 

Six years. 

ELECTED- 

By legislatures of the several states. 

VACAxXClES FILLED- 

By Governor; legislatures. 

POWERS AND duties- 
Legislative: With house. Elective: (^r) Officers ; 
(/>») Vice-President ; try impeachments ; executive. 

SALARY— 

$5,000 per annum; mileage, twenty cents per mile 
each way, and $125 for stationery. 

House of Representatives. 
COMPOSED OF— 

Three hundred and twenty-five members. 
EJ.lGlBlLm^— 

Twenty-five years of age ; citizen of the United States 
seven years; inhabitant of State. 

APPORTIONED— 

One for ever 134,000 persons; each state one. 
'iERM- 

Begins March 4 ; lasts two years. 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 29 

ELECTED- 

By the people; first Tuesday after the first Monday in 
November. 

VACANCIES FILLED— 

By special election, 

POWERS AND duties- 
Legislative : (a) With senate ; (^) Revenue ; im- 
peachment. 
Elective: (a) Officers; (^) President. 

SALARY— 

Same as in senate 

Expressed Powers of Congress. 
financial- 
Raising money: [c?] Taxes; [/^] Duties ; [^] Imposts ; 
[c/] Excises; [e] Borrow. 

PUKPOSES- 

[a] Payment of United States debts; [/?] Common de- 
lense ; [c] General welfare. 

RE(U LAPE ( OMXJEUOE- 

Foreign nations ; among States ; Indians. 

NATURALIZATION AND BANKRUPTCY. 
COMMERCIAL— 

Coin money. 

Regulate VALUE : [^z] Domestic ; [^] Foreign. 
Fix standard of weights and measures. 
CRIMINAL— 

To DEFINE AND PUNISH : [a] Piracies ; [/^] Felonies on 
high seas ; [c] International ofi'enses. 

To PROVIDE FOR PUNISHMENT OF COUNTERFEITING : U. 

S. securities; U. S. coin. 
ESTABLISH POST OFFICES AND POST-ROADS. 
GRANT— 

Copyrights; patents. 

ESTABLISH INFERIOR COURTS. 
RELATIVE TO VVAR- 

Declaration; letters of marque and reprisal ; rules of 
capture ; raise and support armies ; provide and main- 
tain navy; make rules for army and navy. 
Call out militia : [a] To execute laws ; [d} Suppress 
insurrections; [c] Repel invasions. 



30 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 



Control militia: [a] Organize; [/^] Arm; [c] Disci- 
pline ; [<'/] Govern — when in U. S. Service. 

EXCLUSIVE LEGISLATION OVER- 

Dislrict of Columbia ; forts, magazines, etc. 



Judicial Department. 
VESTED IX— 

One supreme court; inferior courts. 
JUDGES— 

Appointed by president and senate; tenure of office 

during good behavior. 

Salaries: [«;] Chief justice, $10,500; \/?] Associate 

justices, $10,000; [<r] Circuit judges, $6,000; \d] Judge 

ofcouru of claims, $4,500; [^] District judges, $3,500- 

$5,000. 

JUlUSDirTlOX- 

Original; appellate. 

Prohibitions on Congress. 
WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS- 

Rebellion; invasion. 
COMMERCIAL- 

Export duties; preference of ports. 
FINANCIAL- 

Paying money without appropriation. 

Receiving from foreign power: |^?J Present; [/>»] 

Emolument; [rJOffice; [^/] Title. 
CRIMINAL— 

Bill of attainder; ex-post facto law. 

On States. 
COMMERCIAL- 

Import duties; export duties; tonnage duties; law im- 
pairing contracts. 

CRIMINAL- 

Bill of attainder; ex-post facto law. 
MONEY— 

Coin; bills of credit; legal tender. 
WAR- 

Letters of marque and reprisal; troops or war vessels; 

engage in war. 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 



SI 



NOBILITY. 

CENSUS OF TflE UNITED STATES- 

151,1790,3,929,328; 2cl, 1800, 5,305.925; 3^1, 18 10, 
7,239,814; 4th, 1820, 9,638,131; 5th, 1830, 12,866,- 
026; 6th, 1840, 17,069,453; 7th, 1850, 23,191,876; 8th, 
i860, 31,443,321; 9th, 1870, 38,558,371; loth, 1880, 
50,152,866. 

Time for Holding State and Territorial Elections. 



States and Territories 



Alabama. 

Arizona Territory 

AiKHiisas 

CHliforma..- 

Colorado 

Goiiiieclicut 

Dakota Twirilory .... 

Delaware 

Florida 

(ieorglri 

Idaho Territory 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Indian Territory ... . 

Iowa 

Kansas .- 

Kentucky - 

Louisiana.- 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississipui -- 

Missouri — 

Montana Territory... 

Nebraska 

Nevada — 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New Mexico Territory 

New York... 

North Carolina 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah Territory 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington Territory 

West Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming Territory... 



000 
61 
500 
,000 
000 
000 
600 
000 
50( 
,000 
,G(0 
.000 
,000 
,G00 

.too 

,00' 
,000 
000 

.00 

,500 
000 

oeo 

800 

,000 

000 

,600 

,500 

000 

000 

,000 

,600 

,000 

000 

,000 

500 

,000 

000 

500 

000 

,000 

,6u0 

000 

000 

oOO 

70 

000 

600 



Time of General Election. 



First Monday in August. 

Tuesday after tirst Monday in November. 

First Tuesday in September. 

Tuesday after first Monday in November. 

First Tuesday in October. 

Tuesday after tirst Alonday in November. 



First Wednesday in October 

ruesday after first Monday in November. 



Second Tuesday in October. 

Tuesday after first Monday in November. 

First Monday in August 

First Monday in November. 

Second Monday in September. 

Tuesday after first Monday in November. 



Second Tuesday in October. 

First Monday in June. 

Tuesday after first Monday in November. 

F^irst Wednesday in April. 

Tuesday after first Monday in November. 



F'irst Monday in August. 

F^irst Tuesday in September. 

Tuesday after first Monday in November. 

Second Tuesday in October. 

Tuesday after first Monday in November. 



32 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 



DIPLOMATIC M1NI8TERS- 

To France, German Empire, Great Britain, Russia, 
salary $17,500; to Austria, Brazil, China, Italy, Japan, 
Mexico, Spain, salary $12,000; Chili, Peru, Central 
American States, salary $10,000; Argentme Republic, 
Belgium, Columbia, Hawaiian Islands, Hayti, Norway 
and Sweden, Netherlands, Turkey, Venezuela, salary 
$7,500; Bolivia, Switzerland, Denmark, Paraguay and 
Uruguay, Portugal, salary $5,000; Liberia, salary 
$4,000. 



Pay of the Army and Navy of the United States. 



ARMY. 

(Jeneral - - S13 500 

fjeiiteiiuiit (Jeiieral-- 11 000 

JlH.iorGer!er;il 7 5(10 

B^i|^;llli^^r-(ieI!^rdl . "^ "" ' 

Colonel 

Lleuteruitit-Ooloiiel 

M;tj<ir -- -- 

C;ip'ain 1 mounted 



NAVY. 

Admiral -SIS.OOO 

Vice-Adiniral I) (M 

kea t- Ad m i la I H. 000 

5..'iO.)!C>»mmudurf 5 0(lO 

350iOaptain 4.fO(» 

:-{()0>)!Oomiiiaiid<-r 8 500 

2 501] Lieutenant C.»mmander- 2 800 

2.000 l.ieuteiiaiit 2.4ro 



Cdptain (not iiioiinttd) 1 W id; Master 



HetcimHiital Adjutant 1 800 E 

Regim^-ntal Q'iarternri,>tt'r 1 800 

Iht Lieutenant (njounte.o) 1 WO 

1st Lieutenant (not mounted) l.f^OO 

2d Lienteiiant (niounted) 1500 

2.1 l.ieutetiant (not mounted) l.4iHi 

Chaplain l/.OO 



*igi 



J, 800 

1.200 

Chaplain 2 500 

Suigeon 2800 

Paymaster 2.8i)0 

AssistariJ-Surg»0'i . 1.700 

viid.shipmen l.too 

(Tuniitrs . 1 200 



The Electoral Vote. 



Alabama - K 

Arkansas 7 

California 8 

Colorado 3 

Connecticut .- - 6 

Delaware -. 3 

Florida 4 

(ireorgia 12 

Illinois 22 

Indiana 15 

Iowa 13 

Kansas - 9 

Kentucky 13 

Louisiana 8 



Maine P 

Massachusetts U 

Maryland 8 

Michigan 13 

Mississippi 9 

Missouri- l(i 

Minnesota ... 7 

New Hampshife - 4 

Nebraska -. 5 

Nevada--- 3 

New .Jersey 9 

New York .--- 3fi 

North Carolina -.- 11 

Ohio -. 23 



Oregon 3 

Pennsjlvania 30 

Rhode Island 4 

"^outh Carolina- 9 

Tennessee 12 

Texas -.- 13 

Vermont - 4 

Virginia 12 

West Virginia 6 

Wisconsin . - 11 

Total 401 



Necessary to a choice, 201. 



ANNUAI. SAL.VRIR.S- 

Emperor of Russia, $8,250,000; sultan of Turkey, $6,- 
000,000; emperor of Austria, $4,000,000; emperor of 
Germany. $3,000,000; Queen Victoria (G. B.), $2,- 
200,000; president of the United States, $50,000. 





CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 33 


CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MICHIGAN. 


DEPARTMENTS. 


EXECUTIVE- 


Governor; assistants. 


LE(JI8LAT1VE- 


Senate, 32; house of representatives, 100. 


JUDICIAL- 


Supreme court; inferior courts. 


EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, 


Governor. 
ELIGIBILITY- 


Age 30 years; citizen of tlie United States five years; 


of state, two years. 


SALARY— 


$1,000. 


Assistant State Officers. 
ELECTIVE- 


Secretary of State, salary $800; State Treasurer, sal- 
ary $1,000; Auditor-General, salary $1,000; Commis- 
sioner of Land Office, salary $800; Attorney-General, 
salary $800; Superintendent of Public Instruction, sal- 


ary $1,000. 


Other State Officers and Clerks. 


Title. 


1 


Title. 




Secretary Board of Agriculture 

State Librarian 


$1,000 
1,(00 
1.200 
2,000 
1,200 
2,500 
1,800 
1,800 
1,800 
1,800 


Deputy Sup't of Public Instruction 

Private Secretary of Governor 

Draughtsman State Land Office ..- 

Bookkeeber State Land Office. 

Bookkeeper State Treasurer's Office 
Bookkeeper Aud.-General's Office. . 
Clerk or Attorney-General 


$1,800 
800 
1,000 
1,000 
1,000 
1,000 
1,000 
LOGO 
1,000 
1,000 


Swamp Land State Road Com'r...- 

Commissioner of Insurance 

Deputy Commissioner of Insurance 
Railroad Com raissioner. 


Deputy State Treasurer 

Deputy Auditor-General 


Cl'ks of Aud. Gen., tour, each 

Cl'ks of Sec. of State 


Deputy Secretary of State 


Deputy Com'r of Land Office 


Cl'ks of Com'r of Land Office 


1 



34 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 



LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 

Senate. 
HOWCOMPOSED- 

One from each district. 
ELIGIBILITY— 

Citizen of United States; qualified elector; inhabitant 
of county or district. 

NUMBER OF MEMBER8- 

Thirty-two. 
BY WHOMELECTED- 

The people. 
WHEN ELECTED- 

Tuesday following first Monday in November of every 
even year. 

SALARY— 

$3 per day during regular session and for first twenty 
days of extra session, and nothing thereafter; also ten 
cents mileage each way, and $5 for stationery. 

QUORUM - 

Majority of members, but a lesser number may ad- 
journ from day to day, and compel the attendance of 
absent members. 

SENATE POWERS— 

Legislative — with house; judicial — impeachment; elec- 
tive — senate officers; executive. 

House of Representatives. 
HOVVCOMPOSED- 

One from each legislative district. 

ELIGIBILITY- 

Citizen of United States; qualified elector; inhabitant 
of district. 

NUMBER. OF MEMBERS- 

One hundred. 
BY WHOM ELECTED— 

The people. 
WHENELECTED- 

Tuesday following first Monday in November of every 
even vear. 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 35 

SAJ.ARY- 

Same as in senate. 
QUORUM- 

Same as in senate. 
HOUSE POWERS- 

Legislative — witii senate; inquisitorial — impeachment; 
elective house officers. 

JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 
Supreme Court. 
CHIEF JLJSTlCh:- 

Benjamin F. Graves,* term expires Dec. 31, 1883. 
ASSOCIATE JUSTICES— 

Thomas M. Cooley, term expires Dec. 31, 1885. 

James V. Campbell, term expires Dec. 31, 1887. 

Isaac Marston,t term expires Dec. 31, 1889. 
SALARY— 

$4,000. 

OFFICERS ANO THEIR SALARIES— 

Clerk, fees; reporter, $1,500 and expenses, and a sum 
not to exceed $600 per year for clerk hire; attorney- 
general, $800; crier, $2 per day and fees-, sheriff, fees; 
attorneys, fees. 

TE RMS- 
Four annually, commencing on first Tuesday after first 
Monday in January, April, June, and October. 

COUNTY. 

EXECUTIVE— 

Sheriff, fees; clerk, salary and fees; treasurer, salary 
and fees; register of deeds, fees; prosecuting attorney, 
salary; surveyor, $4 per day and fees; coroners (2), 
fees; school examiners [3], $4 per day; superinten- 
dents of poor [3], salary fixed by board of supervisors. 

JUDICIAL— 

Circuit judges, $2,500; circuit court commissioners, 

*To be succeeded by John W. Champlln. 

tResigned, and Thomas R. Shersvood elected to fill vacancy. 



36 



CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 



fees; probate judge, salary according to population of 
county. 

LEGISLATIVE- 

Board of supervisors, $3 per day and mileage six cents 
each way. 

TOWNSHIP. 
EXECUTIVE- 

Supervisor, $2 per day and fees; clerk, $1.50 per day 
and fees; treasurer, percentage; school inspectors [2], 
$2 per day; highway commissioner, $1.50 per day; 
drain commissioner, $2 per day; overseers of highway, 
$1 per day; constables [4J, fees; fence viewers, $1 
per day. 

JUDICIAL- 

Justices of the peace. 
LEUISL ATIVE- 

Township meeting. 

ELECTI0X8- 

March — Dates variously fixed in the different villages ; 
April — First Monday each year; November — Tuesday 
following first Monday, even years. 



Election. 



March 
April . 



I 

r 

November -1 

I 



Officers. 



Village officers 

Judges of Supreme Court-.. 

Judges of Circuit Court 

Townsliip and city officers .. 

Justices of the Peace 

Drain Commissioners 

State E'cecutlve officers — f 

State Legislature ; 

County officers — L 

Probate JudgP 



Derm of 
Office. 



One year. 
Eight years. 
Six years 
One year. 
Four years. 
Two years. 

Two years. 

Four years. 



Governors of Michigan. 
TERRITORIAL— 

William Hull, 1805; Lewis Cass, 1814; George B. 
Porter, 1832; Stevens T. Mason, 1834; John S. Hor- 
ner, 1835; Stevens T. Mason, 1835. 

STATE- 

Stevens T. Mason, 1837-40; William Woodbridge, 
1840-41; J.Wright Gordon [acting], 1841-42; John 
S. Barry, 1842-46; Alpheus Fclch, 1846-47; William 



GEOGRAPHY. 



87 



S. Greenlv [acting], 1847-48; Epaphroditus Ransom, 
1848-50/ John S. Barry, 1850-52; Robert McClel- 
land, 1852-53; Andrew Parsons [acting], 1853-55; 
Kinsley S. Bingham, 1855-59; Moses Wisner, 1859- 
61; Austin Blair, 1861-65; Henry H. Crapo, 1865-69 ; 
Henry P. Baldwin, 1869-73; John J. Bagley, 1873-77; 
Charles M. Croswell, 1877-81; David H. Jerome, 
1881-83; Josiah W. Begole, 1883. 



Geography, 



DEFINITIONS— 

Geography 
shape 



NATIJ 



NATU 



mathematical, political, physical; earth, 
of earth, distance from sun, sphere or globe, 
diameter, circumference, axis; poles — north, south; 
revolutions — annual, diurnal; circles — great, small; 
degree, equator, parallels; latitude— north, south, 90 
degrees; tropics— Cancer, Capricorn; polar circles- 
Arctic, Antarctic; meridian circles, meridian; longitude 
—east, west, 180 degrees; hemispheres— east, west, 
north, south ; zones — north and south temperate, each 
43 degrees, torrid 47 degrees, and north and south 
frigid, each 23^ degrees; earth's surface — land, water. 

HAL DIVISIONS OF LAND— 

Continent; islands — continental, oceanic; peninsula, 
isthmus, cape, promontory, mountain, hill ; volcanoes — 
active, extinct; lava, crater, range or chain, peak or 
summit; valleys — longitudinal, transverse; base, slopes, 
crest, pass or passage, mountain-knot, trend, earth- 
quake, plain, prairies or savannas, llanos or pampas, 
selvas, steppes, table-land or plateau, desert, oasis, 
swamp. 

liAL DIVLSIOXSOF WATER- 

Ocean, sea, gulf or bay, fiord, harbor, haven or port, 



88 



GEOGRAPHY. 



road or roadstead, strait, channel, sound; lakes — salt, 
fresh; pond, archipelago, river, estuary, delta, river 
basin, river system, icebergs, glaciers, water-shed, rap- 
ids, canon, falls, lagoon; reef — fringing, barrier, encir- 
cling; springs, artesian wells, firth, canal, atoll. 

ISOTHERMAL LINES— 

Horizon, equinoxes, solstices, ecliptic. 

TIDES— 

Flood, ebb, spring, neap. 

CURRENTS— 

Temporary, periodical, constant. 
MAP. 
CLIMATE, DEPENDS UPON— 

Latitude, elevation, prevailing winds, ocean currents, 

distance from sea. 

QUADRANT. 

TOPICS FOR GEOGRAPHICAL STUDY— 

Boundaries, latitude, longitude, surface, mountains, 
plains, islands, capes, bodies of water, rivers, climate, 
soil, natural curiosities, productions, exports, imports, 
square miles, population, race, state of society, capital, 
chief towns, internal improvements, education, relig- 
ion, government, manners, customs, language, history, 
science, literature, arts. 



North America. 

COUNTRIES AND FORM OF GOVERNMENT— 

Danish America, colony; British' America, colony; Do- 
minion of Canada, colony; United States of America, 
republic; Mexico, republic; Central America, five re- 
publics, one colony. 

MOUNTAINS— 

Rocky, Hecla [volcano], St. Elias [volcano]. Fair- 
weather [volcano]. Cascade, Coast Range, Sierra Ma- 
dre. Sierra Nevada, Popocataped [volcano], Mt. Hood, 
Appalachian, Fremont's Peak, Mt. Washington, Long's 
Peak, Pike's Peak. 

RIVERS- 

Yukon, Mackenzie, Snake, Savannah, Slave, Sangue- 



GEOGRAPHY. 



39 



nay, Ohio, Ottawa, Athabasca, Churchill, Nelson, Sev- 
ern, Saskatchaw-in, Columbia., Colorado, Gila, Mis- 
souri, Hudson, James, Mississippi, Arkansas, St. Law- 
rence, Rio Grande. 

GULFS AND BAV6- . 

Baffin, Hudson, James, St. Lawrence, California, Hon- 
duras, Campeachy, Mexico, Chesapeake, Delaware. 



ISLANDS 



CAPES- 



Arctic archiuelago. Disco, Kodiak, Sitka, Queen Char- 
lotte, Vancouver, West Indies, Bahama, Bermuda, 
Cape Breton, Newfoundland, Greenland. 

Farewell, Bathurst, Chudleigh, Barrow, Flattery, Men- 
docino, St. Lucas, Corrientes, Sable, Hatteras, bandy 
Hook, Cod, Race. 



ciTH^:s- 



Kevkiavik, Upernavik, Ottawa, Montreal, Quebec, Sit- 
ka,'Chicago, New York, Boston, Halifax, Philadelphia, 
Baltimore, Washington, Cincinnati, St. Louis. Vera 
Cruz, Mexico, San Francisco, Havana. 



South America. 



COUN IKIES. 



Brazil 



Form of 
Gov't. 



Emperor. 



Argentine Republic 

Bolivia 

Ecuador 

Chili 

Venezuela 

U. S. ot Columbia.. 

Peru 

Uuruguay 

Paraguay 

Patagonia 



Empire. 



Republic 



Guiana 



Colonies. 



Dom Pedro II. 

President. 

Jules A. Roca. 
Nicholas Campero. 
Jose de Vintimilla. 
Anibal Pinto. 
Guyzraan Blanco 
R. Nunez. 
M. I. Prado. 
F. A. Vidal. 
H. Uiiarte. 

( British. 
-I French. 
( Dutch. 



O 

1831 



1880 
1880 
1876 
1876 
1879 
1880 
1876 
1880 
1877 



Andes, Parima, Pacaraima, Acarai, Geral Brazilian An- 



40 



GEOGRAPHY. 



des, Aconcagua [volcano], Cotopaxi [volcano], Pich- 
incha [volcano], Mt. Chimborazo, 

RIVERS— 

Amazon, Orinoco, Negro, La Plata, Uruguay, Parana, 
St. Francisco, Paraguay. 

GULFS AND BAYS- 

Darien, Panama, St. George, Venezuela, St. Matthias, 
Choco. 

ISLANDS- 

Terra Del Fuego, Joannes or Marajo, Chiloe, Falkland, 
Trinidad. 



CAPES— 



crriES- 



Gallinas, St. Roque, Blanco, Horn, Frio, Corrienies, 
St. Antonio, Aguja. 

Rio Janeiro, Bahia, l.ima, Bogota, Sucre, La Paz, 
Quito, Buenos Ayres, Santiago.* 



Europe. 



Countries. 



Russia -- - .- 

Turkey 

Austria - .. 

(iermany 

Spain 

Portugal 

(Jreat Britain 

Italy --- 

Holland 

Belgium 

Denmark 

Sweden and Norway. 

Greece - 

Servia 

Roumania -.. 

Montenegro 



France 

Switzerland. 



Form of 
Gov't. 


Ruler. 


h 


Empire. 


Alexander III 


1881 




Abdul Hamid Khan. 


1876 


'•• 


Fratiz Joseph I. 


184H 




Wilhelm I 


1871 


Kingdom 


Alfonso XII. 


1874 




Luis I. 


1861 


'• 


Victoria 1. 


1887 




Humbert 1. 


1878 


'» 


William III. 


1849 




Leopold n. 


1865 


" 


Christian IX. 


186:-1 


' 


Oscar II. 


1872 


" 


George I. 


1863 




Milan 0. Ovitch. 




!■• 


Karl I. 


1866 




President. 


^1 
§2 


Republic. 


F. J. V. Grevy. 


1879 




B. Hammer. 


1879 



MOUNTAINS- 

Alps, Pyrenees, Apennine, Carpathian, Balkan, Cau- 
casus, Ural, Auvergne, Cevennes, Doorefield, Kiolen, 



GEOGRAPHY, 



41 



Sierra Nevada, Cantabrian, Sierra Morena, Sierra Es- 
trella, Mt. Blanc, Find us. 
RIVEKS-- 

Ural, Volga, Don, Ebro, Pruth, Dnieper, Dniester, 
Drave, Dwina, Duna, Onega, Douro, Vistula, Danube, 
Oder, Guadina, Elbe, Rhine, Rhone, Seine, Loire, Po, 
Tagus, Weser, Save. 

SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS— 

White, Baltic, North, Irish, Adriatic, Azof, Mediter- 
ranean, Marmora, Black, Caspian, Bothnia, Finland, 
Riga, Biscay, Lyons, Genoa, Taranto, Dantzic. 
STRAITS— 

Gibraltar, Otranto, Dover, Dardanelles, Bosphorus, 
Yenikale, Cattegat, Skager-Rack, English Channel, St. 
George's Channel. 

ISLANDS- 

Lofoden, Faroe, Shetland, Orkney, British, Balearic, 
Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Ionian, Candia, Cy- 
prus. 

CAPES— 

North, Clear, Land's End, St. Matthew, Finisterre, St. 
Vincent, Ortegal, Matapan. 

CITIES— 

St. Petersburg, Archangel, Odessa, Astrakhan, Mos 
cow, Hainmerfest, Berlin, Christiana, Stockholm, The 
Hague, Brussels, Paris, Vienna, Berne, Rome, Naples, 
Madrid, I/isbon, Athens, Constantinople, Gettinge, Bu- 
charest. 

Asia. 



Countries. 


Form of 
Gov't. 


Ruler. 


1*" 


Siberia 


Colony. 
Empire. 

Kingdom. 

Despotism. 

Empire. 

Colony. 

Despotism 


Kwong Shu. 

Metsu Hlto. 

Abdul Hamid Khan. 

Inendoonnien. 

Chan Ta Chule Long Korn 

Tu Due. 

Nassr-ed-Deen. 

Yakob Khan. 
Mir J^asa Khan. 




China 

Japan 


1875 
1876 


Turkey 

Burmah 


1876 


Slam 

Anam -. 




Arabia 




Persia 

British India-. 

Eastern Turkestan 


1848 


Afghanistan. - 

beloochistan 





42 



GEOGRAPHY. 



MOUXTAINS- 

Himalaya, Yabloui, Altai, Kin Gan, Nanling, Hindoo 
Koosh, Kara, Korum, Western Gauts, Eastern Gauts, 
Elburz, Taurus. Mt. Sinai, Mt. Ararat, Mt. Everest, 
Thian Shan, Fujigama [volcano], Vindhya. 

RIYERS- 

Lena, Yenisei, Obi, Irtish, Angara, Sihon, Amoo, 
Amoor, Hoang-ho, Yang-tse-Kiang, Brahmapootra, 
Cambodia, Ganges, Indus, Tigris, Euphrates. 

SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS- 

Kara, Arabian, China, Blue, Yellow, Japan, Okhotsk. 
Behring, Red, Aral, Obi, Persian, Aden, Bengal, Siam, 
Tonquin. 

STRAITS- 

Behring, Channel of Tartary, Corea, Formosa, Malac- 
ca, Ormus, Bab-el Mandeb. 

ISLANDS- 

Nova Zembla, New Siberia, Kurile, Saghalien, Yezo, 
Hondo-Lin-Kin, Shikoku, Kinshin, Formosa, Japan, 
Hainan, Ceylon, Cyprus, Laccadive, Maldive, Bahrein. 

CAPES- 

North East, East, Lopatka, Cambodia, Romania, Co- 
morin. 



CITIES- 



Pekin, Lassa, Seoul, Kashgar, Hue, Bankok, Manda- 
lay, Calcutta, Colombo, Cabul, Teheran, Riad, Muscat, 
Tobolsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Tinmen, Barnaul, Irkoutsk, 
Kiva, Bokhara, Smyrna, Damascus, Jerusalem. 



Africa. 
COUNTRIES— 

Barbary States — Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, Tripoh; 
Fezzan, Egypr, Nubia, Soudan, Abyssinia, Zanguebar, 
Upper Guinea, Sierra Leone, Lower Guinea, Barca, 
Mozambique, Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal, Orange 
Free States, Senegambia, Liberia, Sahara. 

MOUNTAINS— 

Atlas, Kong, Crystal, Snow, Great Karroo, Kondi, Mt. 
Kenia, Mt. Killamandjaro, Cameroon, 



GEOGRAPHY. 



48 



RIVERS— 

Nile, White Nile, Blue Nile, Atbara, Zambesi, Orange, 
Congo, Niger. 

GULFS AND BAYS - 

Sidea, Cabes, Guinea, False, Algoa, Delgora. 
ISLANDS— 

St. Helena, Canary, Princess, St. Thomas, Madagas- 
car, Comoro, Zanzibar, Socotra. 

capes- 
Bow, Spartel, Blanco, Verde, Palmas, Lopez, Negro, 
Frio, Good Hope, Agulhas, Corrientes, Delgado, Am- 
ber, Guardafui, St. Mary. 

CITIES— 

Cairo, Alexandria, Damietta, Port Said, Suez, Goudar, 
Antalo, Ankobar, Zanzibar, Tananarivo, Bloemfontein, 
Cape Town, Pietermaritzburg, Pretoria, Monrovia, Fez, 
Free Town, Morocco, Algiers, Constantine, Oran, Tu- 
nis, Tripoli, Mourzouk, Bengazi, Timbuctoo, Kam, So- 
koto, Kuka. 



Oceanica. 
DIVISIONS- 

Malaysia, Australasia, Polynesia. 
MOUNTAINS- 

Blue, Darling, Australian Alps, South Alps, Ashbur- 
ton, Egmont (volcano), E^dgecombe (volcano), Mt. 
Ophir, Mt. Kosciusko, Hawaii (volcano). 

RIVERS- 

Murray, Darling, Victoria, Lachlan, Ashburton, Cooper. 
SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS- 

Botany, Coral, Carpentaria, Spencer, Java, Celebes, 
Cambridge, Arafura. 

STRAITS— 

Bass, Cook, Sunda, Torres, Molucca, Macassar. 
ISLANDS- 

Australia, New Guinea, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Cele- 
bes, Molucca, Philippine, Singapore, Sandwich, New 
Zealand, Friendly, Society, Feejee, Tasmania, Solo- 
mon. Banca. 



44 



GEOGRAPHY. 



CAPES 



CITIES- 



York, Sandy, Howe, Wilson. Leeuwin, North West, 
Datu, FarevveJl, West, East, iMaria. 

Acheen, Bencoolen, Batavia, Manila, Victoria, Wel- 
lington, Sydney, Hobart, Adelaide. 



Races and Religions. 
RACES- 

Caucasian, 600,000,000 ; Mongolian, 600,000,000; Af- 
rican, 250,000,000; Malay, 4,000,000; American, 8,- 
000,000. Estimated to speak over 3,000 different lan- 
guages. 

RELIGIONS— 

Pagans, 676,000,000; Christians, 320,000,000; Mo- 
hammedans, 140,000,000; Jews, 14,000,000. Profess 
about 1,000 different forms of religion. 

Population of Some of the Principal Cities of the 

World. 

London, 3,814,511; Paris, 1,988,806; Pekin, 1,650,- 
000; Canton, 1,500,000; New York, 1,206,299; Ber- 
lin, 1,049,663; Vienna, 1,020,770; Philadelphia, 847,- 
170; Tokio, 811,510; St. Petersburg, 667,963. 

Ten Principal Cities of the United States. 

New York, 1,206,299; Philadelphia. 847,17c: Brook- 
lyn, 566,663; Chicago, 503,185; Boston, 362,839; St. 
Louis, 350,518; Baltimore, 332,313; Cincinnati, 255,- 
139; San Francisco, 233,959; New Orleans, 216,090. 



Highest Mountains in the World. 



Old World. Feet. 

Mount Everest - 29 000 

Hindoo Koosh- 20.000 

Elburz 18,572 

Ararat 16,960 

Mount Blanc- - 15.780 

Monte Rosa 15.223 

Pic Anethoux.— - 11.168 

Killamaudjaro 20.065 

Kosciusko- 7,176 



New World. Feet. 

Nevada de Sorato 25,000 

Aconcagua 24,422 

Chiniborazo 21,414 

Popocatauetl --..17.784 

Orizba 17.897 

Mount Whitney 15,000 

Uncompaghre 14.587 

Gray's Peak ....14.295 

St. Ellas 14,970 



GEOGRAPHY. 



45 



Length of the Principal Rivers of the World. 



New World. Miles. 

Mississippi 4,200 

Amazon %750 

Missouri 3.100 

La Plata ....2.300 

Mackenzie 2.300 

Si. Lawrence 2.000 

Saskatchewan 1,900 

Yukon 1,600 

Orinoco 1 550 

San Francisco .1.550 

Rio Grande Del Norte 1.500 

Columbia 1,020 

Colorado 1,000 

Alabama 650 

Susquehanna 400 

< onnecticut. 350 

Hudson 330 



Old World. Miles. 

Nile 4,000 

Yenisei -... 3,400 

Yang-tse-Kiang... 3,320 

Obi 3 000 

Niger 3,000 

Lena. 2.700 

Amoor 2.650 

Brahmapootra 2.300 

Volga... 2,000 

Indus 1,850 

Danube 1.800 

Euphrates 1,750 

Ganges.. ...1,600 

Zambesi 1,600 

Murray ...1.500 

Rhine 880 



Elevation of Lakes. 

Feet. 

Pirikol (Source of Amoo river)... 15,600 

Manasarowar 15,(00 

Rawan Rhud (Sourcp ot: Sutlege liver) 15,000 

Titicaca (South America) 12 846 

Aullagas (Salt— South America) ...12,257 

Yellowstone (Wyoming) 7.780 

Great SaU Lake (Utah) 4 200 

Itasca (Minnesota) 1 575 

Superior 6r0 

Michigan 585 

Huron 585 

Erie 565 

Ontario 231 

Sea of Aral (Salt) 36 



Depression of Lakes. 



Dead Sea, or Lake Asphaltites (Salt), 1,312 

Lake Tiberias 7£5 

Caspian Sea (Salt) 83 



SEVEN WONDERS OF TEIE VVORLD- 

The pyramids, temples and hanging gardens of Baby- 
lon, statue of Jupiter Olympus, temple of Diana at 
Ephesus, mausoleum of Halicarnassus, the Pharos, the 
colossus of Rhodes. 



46 



GRAMMAR. 



Comparative Table of Islands. 

In the following table Michigan, with an area of 56 500 square miles, is taken 
as the unit. 



ISLANDS. 


Area in 
square 
miles. 


P 

a 


Australia 

Borneo.- 


3,000.000 

300,000 

275 500 

200,000 

130,000 

106.000 

84.000 

70.000 

51,E0{) 

46,000 

40 200 

35.000 

32 500 

28,000 

26,200 

24,500 

6.500 

6.000 

5 000 

4,800 


53.09 
5.30 


New Guinea ... . .. .. . . 


4 09 


Madagascar 


3 53 


Sumatra 


2 47 


New Zealand .. 


1 87 


Great Britain 

Celebes 


1.50 
1 23 


Java .. 


91 


Cuba 


.81 


Newfoundland 


71 


Iceland 


.61 


Ireland 


.67 


Hayti 


,49 


Tasmania 


.46 


Ceylon 

New Caledonia 


.43 
.11 


Jamaica 


10 


Timor . . .. 


.t8 


Bahamas 


.08 



Grammar. 



ORTFIOGRAPIIY. 

ETYMOLOGY. 

SYNTAX. 

PROSODY^ 

ORTHOGRAPHY. 

DEFINITIONS- 

Elementary sound, letter, vowel, diphthong, diagraph, 
triphthong, triagraph, consonant, mute, semi-vowel, la- 



GRAMMAR. 



47 



bial, palatal, lingual, dental, sub-vocal, aspirate, word, 
syllable, monosyllable, dissyllable, trissyilable, polysyl- 
lable, prefix, suffix. 

ETYMOLOGY. 

DEFINITIONS— 

Parts of speech, noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, ad- 
verb, preposition, conjunction, interjection, participle, 
declension, comparison, conjugation, parsing, inflec- 
tion, synopsis. 

Nouns. 
COMMON- 

Class; abstract; collective; verbal. 

PROPER. 

PROPERTIES— 

Gender — masculine, feminine, common, neuter; per- 
son — first, second, third; number — singular, plural; 
case — nominative, possessive, objective, absolute. 

GENDER OF NOUNS DETERMINED— 

By termmation; by different words; by prefixes or 
suffixes. 

PLURA.L OF NOUNS FORMED— 

By inflection; by radical change. 

Pronouns. 
ANTECEDENT. 

CONSEQUENT. 

PERSONAL- 

Simple; compound. 
POSSESSIVE. 
RELATIVE— 

Simple; compound. 
INTERROGATIVE. 



Adjectives. 
DESCRIPTIVE- 

Common; proper; participial. 
DEFINITIVE- 

Articles; pronominals; numerals. 



48 



GRAMMAR. 



Verbs. 



USE- 



Transitive; intransitive; copulative; principal; auxil- 
iary; unipersonal. 

FORM— 

Regular; irregular; redundant; defective. 

NATURE— 

Active; passive; neuter. 

PROPERTIES- 

Voice — active, passive; mode — indicative, subjunctive, 
potential, imperative,, infinitive; tense — present, pres- 
ent perfect, past, past perfect, future, future perfect; 
number and person — same as subject. 

Adverbs. 

Time; place; cause; degree; manner; interrogative; 
conjunctive; modal; adverbial phrase. 

Prepositions. 

Simple; complex. 

Conjunctions. 

Co-ordinate; subordinate. 
MEANINCi- 

Copulative; disjunctive; correlative. 



USE- 



SYNTAX. 

Simple, Complex, Compound. 
ELEMENTS- 

Principal — [^] subject; [/»] predicate; [<:J object; sub- 
ordinate — adjective, adverbial. 

PHRASES— 

Classes — [a] substantive; [/?] adjective; [c] adverbial; 
[tf] independent. Function — [a] simple; [/?] com- 
pound; [c] transitive; [d] intransitive; [e~] principal; 
[/] auxiliary; [g] complex; [//] mixed. Form — [a] 
prepositional; [d] infinitive; [V] participle; [d] nominal. 

CLAUSES- 

Subject; predicate; relative; appositive; interrogative; 
objective; adverbial. 



GRAMMAR. 



49 



SENTENCES— 

Function — [a] declarative; 
perative; [^/] exclamatory, 
complex; [c] compound. 

FIGURES OF SPEECH— 

Etymology — [a] apheresis; [<^] prosthesis; [r 
goge; [^] syncope; [e] apocope; [/] tmesis; 
eresis; \/i\ syneresis. Syntax — [a\ pleonasm; 
lipsis; [c] parenthesis; [^] enallage; [e] zeugma; f/] 
syllepsis; [g] hyperbaton. Rhetoric — [^] simile; |^] 
metaphor; [^] allegory; [d] metonymy; [^] synecdoche; 
[y] ecphonesis; [g] antithesis; [/;] irony; [/] interro- 
gation; [y] hyperbole; \^k] vision; [/] apostrophe; 
[w] personification ; \/i] erotesis; [^] climax; [/)] epi- 
[^] litotes; [rj catachresis. 



[/^] interrogative; [r] im- 
Form — [a] simple; [d] 



para- 
.-1 di- 
l^] el- 



gram 



PROSODY. 

Punctuation, Versification, Stanza. 
DISCOURSE— 

Prose; poetry — (a) rhyme; (l?) blank verse; (c) feet — 
iambus, trochee, spondee, pyrrhic, anapest, dactyl, 
amphibrach ; (d) accent. 

POETIC PAUSES- 

Final ; caesural. 



Reading, 



DEFINITIONS- 

Pronunciation, orthoepy, modulation, emphasis, slur, 
syllabication, punctuation, transition, inflection, enun- 
ciation, monotone, person2tion. 

METHODS OF TEACHING— 

Phonetic, alphabetic, word. 

Pronunciation. 

ARTICULATION— 

Vowels, diphthongs, consonants. 

ACCENT— 

Primary, secondary. 



Punctuation. 

PAUSES, USE OF— 

To mark division of sense, indicate the nature of the 
sentence, and denote unusual construction. 

PAUSES, KINDS OF- 

Grammatical, representative, rhetorical. 

Modulation. 

PITCH- 

High, middle, low. 
QUALITY— 

Pure tone, orotund, aspirated, guttural, trembling. 

FORCE- 

Subdued, moderate, energetic; impassioned — free and 
suppressed. 



READING. 



51 



RATE- 

Slow, moderate, quick. 
INFLECTION— 

Rising, falling, circumflex. 
SYLLABICATION^— 

Monosyllable, dissyllable, trissyllable, polysyllable. 
EMPHASrS- 

Absolute, antithetic. 
PERSONATION— 

Persons, things. 



Diacritical Marks. 

Mark. Name. Where used. 

Macron. Over a, e, i, o, u, y, oo, g, under e and u. 

Breve. Over a, e, i, o, u, y, and oo. 

Dieresis. Over a, and i, under a, o, and u. 

Period. Over a, o, g, under a, o, and u. 

Caret. Over a, e, o, and u. 

Tilde. Over e, i, and u. 

Cedilla Under c. 

Inverted t. Under s and x. 

Bar. Across c. 



Arithmetic 



DEFINITIONS— 

A unit, a number, unit of a number, an interger, a con- 
crete number, an abstract number, unity, a solution, a 
problem, an example, an analysis, a rule, digits, cipher 
or zero, period, simple value, local value, axiom. 



Notation. 
ROMAN— 

Letters, value, principles. 

ARABIC— 

Figures, periods, principles. 

NUMERATION— 

Periods, principles, rule. 

Addition. 
DEF1N1TI0N8- 

Sum or amount, parts, like numbers. 
SIGNS- 

Addition, equality. 
PRINCIPLES— 

One, two, three. 
RULE 

Subtraction. 
DEFINITIONS- 

Minuend, subtrahend, difference or remainder. 
SIGNS. 

principj.es— 

One, two. 
RULE. 



ARITHMETIC. 



53 



Multiplication. 
DEFINITIONS— 

Multiplicand, multiplier, product, factors. 

SIGN. 

THEOREMS- 

Either factor for multiplier product same name as mul- 
tiplicand; multiplier always abstract. 

PRINCIPLES- 

One, two, three, four. 

RULES. 

Division. 

DEFINITIONS- 

Dividend, divisor, quotient, remainder. 

SIGNS— 

One, two, three. 

THEOREMS- 

Quotient an abstract number; dividend and divisor 
like numbers; remainder same name as dividend. 

PRINCIPLES- 

One, two, three. 

RULES. 

Properties of Numbers. 

DEFINITIONS- 

Interger, exact divisor, common divisor, greatest com- 
mon divisor, prime numbers, composite numbers, even 
number, odd number, factoring, multiple, common 
multiple, least common multiple, cancellation. 

PRINCIPLES— 

One, two, three, four. 

RULES FOR- 

Multiples, divisors, prime factors. 



Fractions. 

DEFINITIONS- 

Unit of a fraction, fractional unit, denominator, numer- 



54 



ARITHMETIC. 



ator, terms, value, analysis, proper, improper, simple, 
complex, compound, similar fractions, dissimilar frac- 
tions, common denominator, least common denomin 
ator, mixed number, reciprocal. 

REDUCTION- 

Fraction to a number, number to a fraction, higher 
terms to lower terms, lower terms to higher terms, 
compound to simple, dissimilar to simple. 

ADDITION- 

Like denominators, unlike denominators. 

SUBTllACTIOX- 

Like denominators, unlike denominators. 

MULTIPLICATION— 

Number by a fraction, fraction by a number, fraction 
by a fraction. 

DIVISION— 

Number by a fraction, fraction by a number, fraction 
by a fraction. 

THEOREMS- 

Common denominator a common multiple; least com- 
mon denominator, least common multiple. 

PRINCIPLES- 

One, two, three, four. 

RULES. 



Decimals. 
DEFINITIONS- 

Decimal point, mixed number, pure decimal number, 
complex decimal, notation, numeration, reduction, deb- 
it and credit, debtor, creditor, an account, balance, 
bill of goods, footing of bill, item, receipting a bill. 

REDUCTION— 

Prefixing a cipher, annexing a cipher. 
ADDITION. 
SUBTRACTION. 

MULTIPLICATION- 

Number of decimal places in product. 



ARITHMETIC. 



55 



DIVISION- 

Number of decimal places in quotient. 
RULES. 

Denominate Numbers. 
DEFINITIONS— 

Concrete number, abstract number, simple, compound, 
standard unit, scale, money, coin or specie, paper 
money, reduction — ascending and descending, weight, 
measures of— length, surface and solid, time. 
TABLES— 

Linear measure, square measure, surveyor's square 
measure, cubic measure, board measure, liquid meas- 
ure, apothecaries' liquid measure, dry measure, avoir- 
dupois weight, troy weight, apothecaries' weight, 
measures of time. 

IIULES. 

Percentage. 
DEFINITIONS- 

Per cent., sign, percentage, base, rate, amount, difter- 
ence, interest, principal, legal interest, compound in- 
terest, usury, promissory note, per annum, annual in- 
terest, partial payment, indorsement, maker or drawer, 
payee, holder, indorser, face of a note, negotiable 
note, non-negotiable note, discount, net price, cash 
value, true discount, present worth, bank discount, 
check, proceeds or avails, maturity, profit and loss, 
commission, agent, consignment, consignor, consignee, 
tax, real estate, personal property, assessor, assess- 
ment roll, duties or customs, tare, leakage, breakage, 
custom-house, company, charter, capital stock, share, 
certificate, par value, market value, installment, bond, 
coupon, broker, brokerage, insurance, policy, exchange, 
set of exchanges, partnership, capital, resources, lia- 
bilities, deficit. 



Ratio. 

DEFINITIONS- 

Terms of ratio, antecedent, consequent, sign, couplet. 
PRINCIPLES- 

One, two, three. 



56 



ARITHMETIC. 



Proportion. 

DEFINITIONS— 

Simple, compound, sign, antecedents, consequents, ex- 
tremes, means, direct, inverse. 

PlilNCIPLES- 

One, two, three. 



Involution. 

DEFINITIONS- 

Power. 

PRINCIPLES. 

Evolution. 

DEFINITIONS- 

Root, radical sign, perfect power, imperfect power, 
square root, cube root. 

PRINCIPLES. 



Progression. 

DEFINITIONS— 

Progression — arithmetical and geometrical; series- 
cending and descending. 

RULES. 



-as- 



Mensuration. 

DEFINITIONS- 

Line — straight and curved; parallel lines, plane sur- 
face, curved surface; angle — right, obtuse, acute; ver- 
tex, triangle, quadrilateral, parallelogram, rectangle, 
polygon, circle, circumference, radius, diameter, base, 
altitude, diagonal, perimeter, area, solid or body, 
prism, parallelopipedon, cylinder, pyramid, cone, frus- 
trum, sphere, diameter, radius, convex surface, volume 
of a body, extension, square, cube, trapezoid. 



ARITHMETIC. 



57 



Values of Foreign Coins According to Secretary of 
Treasury, January 2, 1882. 



COUNTRY. 



Austria 

Belgium 

Bolivia- 

Brazil 

British possessions in No. America 

Chili 

Cuba - - 

Denmark . 

Ecuador 

Egypt 

France 

Great Britain - 

Greece - 

German Empire 

Hayti 

ludia 

Italy- - - 

Japan 

Liberia -.. 

Mexico -. 

Netherlands- 

Norway 

Peru 

Portugal - - 

Russia — 

Sandwich Islands 

Spain - 

Sweden 

Switzerland 

Tripoli 

Turkey - --- ... 

U. S. of Colombia 

Venezuela 



Monetary unit. 



Florin. 

Franc. 

Bolivians. 

Milreis of 1000 reis. 

Dollar. 

Preso. 

Preso. 

Crown. 

Preso. 

Piaster. 

Franc. 

Pound sterling. 

Drachma. 

Mark. 

Gourde. 

Rupee of 16 anas. 

Lira. 

Yen. 

Dollar. 

Dollar. 

Florin. 

Crown. 

Sol. 

Milreis of 1000 reis. 

Rouble of 100 copecks, 

Dollar. 

Peseta of 100 centimes, 

Crown. 

Franc. 

Mahbub of 20 plasters, 

Plaster. 

Peso. 

Bolivar. 



Standard. 



Silver. 

Gold and silver. 

Silver. 

Gold. 

Gold. 

Gold and silver. 

Gold and silver. 

Gold. 

Silver. 

Gold. 

(lOld and silver. 

Gold. 

Gold and silver. 

Gold. 

(iold and silver. 

Silver. 

Gold and silver. 

Silver. 

Gold. 

Silver. 

Gold and silver. 

Gold. 

Silver. 

Gold. 

Silver. 

Gold and silver. 

Gold. 

GolH. 

(iold and silver. 

Silver. 

(iold. 

Silver. 

Gold and silver. 



c o 
ct . 

$ .106 
.193 
.823 
.546 
1.00 
.912 
.932 
.268 
.823 
.049 
.193 
4 866I/2 
.193 

.;38 

.965 

.39 

.193 

.887 
1.00 

.894 

.402 

.268 

.823 
1.08 

.658 
1.00 

.193 

.268 

.193 

.743 

.044 

.823 

.193 



Physiology, 



Bones. 

USES- 

Protection, levers, shape. 
COA^ERING- 

Periosteum. 
COMPOSITION- 

Animal matter, mineral matter. 
PKOPERTIES- 

Porosity, weight, hardness, strength, color. 

NUMBER AND CLASSIFICATION— 

Head — [a] cranium, 8; [^J face, 14; [c] ears, 6. Trunk 
— [a] spine, 26; [d] ribs, 24; [c] hyoid, i; [//] stern- 
um, I ; [e] hip bones, 2. Upper limbs — \a] shoulders, 
4; [d] arms, 6; [c] hands, 54. Lower limbs — [<?] legs, 
8; [^ I feet, 52. 



Muscles. 
CLASSES- 

Voluntary, involuntary. 

USES-- 

Form. Motion — [a] flexors; [/^] extensors. 
NUMBER- 

Single, 12; in pairs, about 500. 
PROPERTIES- 

Contractibility, fibrous. 
EXERCISE- 

Time, eftect. 
TENDONS. 



PHYSIOLOGY. 



59 



Digestion. 
OUGANSOF— 

Mouth, leeth, tongue, salivary glands, pharynx, esoph- 
agus, stomach, intestines, pancreas, thoracic duct, liver. 

PROCESSES OF— 

Mastication, deglutition, assimilation. 

FOOD- 

Kinds — [^] nitrogenous; [d^ carbonaceous; [cj mineral. 

USES- 

To produce heat, to build tissues. 



Respiration. 

ORGANS— 

Larynx, trachia, lungs. 

OBJECT— 

Force, heat. 



Circulation. 



ORGANS- 



KINDS- 



Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries. 
Blood, lymphatic. 



BLOOD- 



Kinds — (a) arterial; (d) venous. Composition — (a) 
plasma; (d) red disks. 



Nervous System. 

BRAIN- 

Cerebrum, cerebellum. 

SPINAL CORD— 

Medulla oblongata. 



60 PENMANSHIP. 



Nerves. 
KIXDS- 

Motony, sensory. 
CJ.ASSES— 

Spinal, cranial, sympathetic. 

COMPOSITJOX— 

White matter, gray matter. 



Special Senses. 

Sight, hearing, smelling, tasting, feelin< 



Penmanship. 



By Mrs. L. F. Wallbrecht. 

POSITIOXS- 

Of the person — body, feet, arms, wrists, hands, fin- 
gers. At desk or table, sitting or standing — front, 
right, right oblique, left. Of pen — see Penholding. 
Of paper — adjust book so that right arm will be at 
right angles to lines on paper. 

rENHOLDIKG— 

Take the pen between the first and second fingers and 
the thumb. The holder should cross second finger at 



PENMANSHIP. 



61 



corner of nail, three-fourths of an inch from point of 
pen. Cross forefinger forward of knuckle. End of 
thumb should touch holder opposite lower joint of fore- 
finger. Top of holder should point toward right 
shoulder. Wrist should be above paper, hand resting 
lightly on nails of third and fourth fingers. Point of 
pen should come squarely to paper. 

MOVEMENT— 

Wholearm, forearm, finger, combined. 

PRINCIPLES- 

Straight line, right curve, left curve, extended loop, di- 
rect oval, reversed oval, capital stem. 

8LANT— 

Main. 50°; connective, 30°. 

LINE8- 

Top line — line to which the loop or extended letters 
extend. Intermediate line — line to which semi-extend- 
ed letters reach. Head line — line to which small let- 
ters extend. Base line — line on which the writino: rests. 



SPACE- 



Height 



EORM— 



the unit for measuring height of letters is 
small; letter i without dot. Width — the unit for meas- 
uring width of letters is the distance between the two 
straight lines of small w taken horizontally. 

Small — short, 13; semi-extended, 4; extended or loop. 
Capital — In which capital O is most prominent, 4; in 
which reversed oval is most promnient, 9; in which 
seventh principle is most prominent, 13. 

rONSTllUCTION— 

Angles upper 
— main 

SPACING— 

One and one-fourth space between all letters except a 
d, g, q, two spaces. One and one-half spaces be 
tween words. Twice 
between words. 



lower. 'lurns — upper, lower. Slants 
connective — right curve, left curve. 



as 



between sentences as 



THE] sc:e3:ooi-. i^tibttt's. 

Serial Supplementary Reading. 

The School Nbw3 is the only paper published in the United States specially pre- 
pared for class reading in schools. It is a monthly newspaper containing, in con- 
densed form, the secular, political, scientific and industrial news of the day. It 
seeks to do two things for our Public Schools: 

1. To supply a monthly summary (history) of the most important secular and 
political events of the United States and the world. 

2. To furnish fresh serial reading supplementary to the School Readers. 

It aims to connect the theoretic knowledge of the school room with the practi- 
cal life so sure to follow the school life. 

Terms: Single copy, 35 cents. To clubs of 10 or more, 25 cents. 10 sample cop- 
ies for trial in school sent to any address free. 

HENRY D. STEVENS, Editor, 
N. W. corner Circle and Meridian streets, Indianapolis, Ind. 

V OUNQ MEN 

Will not only save money, but valuable time in the future, by attend- 
in;; the Grand Rapids (.Michigan) Business College, where they will re- 
ceive a thorough, quickening, practical education. Send for College 
Journal. Address, C. G. SWENSBERG. 

STTBSCRZBE FOB. 

THE PEDAGOGUE, 

THE NE^W^ 

LITERARY AND EDUCATIONAL JOURNAL. 



Ist. It discusses education, its principles and rules, its systems and methods. 

2d. It contains literary articles of merit, and consequently of value to every 
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3d It treats of new scientific topics and events, and places them In a compre- 
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4tli. It contains an epitome of the world's current news edited with care; par- 
ticular attention Is paid to accuracy in dates. It contains a'so educational news 
items. 

5th. It contains much amusing literature in lighter vein anecdotes, humor, pa- 
thos, etc. The Pkd.^gogue has been started after long and careful deliberation 
and counsel with leading educators. It opposes no other journal in Its labors; 
faithful service in the educational department Is always in order. The power by 
which so much Is yet to be accomplished can never be too strong and can never be 
too well supported. 

The Pedagogue has been started as a monthly, but if the high favor and warm 
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No. 9 Academy of Music, Kalamazoo, Mich. 



SCHOOL SUPPLIES! 




-^T :BOTa:o3ivd: :e=2szo:es. 



We are carrjing a full line of SCHOOL SUPPLIES. There Is nothing a School 
Board may desire, or a teacher wish in this line that we cannot furnish at shortest 
possible notice. We aim to build up a trade that shall seek us, and to do this we 
must more than compete ou prices and quality of goods. We buy everything from 
first hands and at net cash. We expect to sell upon the closest possible margin 
We will quote prices and send goods to the address of any school board, and save 
them from 25 to W per cent, on all lines of goods. 

We will visit any of our larger Union Schools with a full line of samples, if they 
desire, or we will fill orders subject to inspection, and if not satisfactory, to be 
held subject to our order. 

OUTLINE MAPS, GLOBES, SLATING, SLATE, CRAY- 
ONS, BLACKBOARDS, ERASERS, REGISTERS, 
CLASS BOOKS, SCHOOL MOTTOES, CUBE 
ROOT BLOCKS, CHARTS, Etc., Etc. 

Give us a trial and let us prove to you what v.e have said. 



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22 CAXAL ST— rP STAIRS, 



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II 



FALL AND SPRING 




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Wayland Union School 

I Fall Class Sept 10 to Nov. 2, 1883. 

Spring Class Feb. 18 to April 4, 1884. 



These classes are conducted for the benefit of those 
preparing to teach. The studies required for a third-grade 
certificate a speciahy. Instruction given by topic, obviating 
the necessity of purchasing new text-books. 



TUITPION S3.50. 



For further particulars address 

J. W, HUMPHREY, 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



019 841 400 1 



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-AND- 



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! We take pride in extending to all strangers 
while in our city an invitation to visit our store. 
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and we have one of the finest stores in the country. 
We especially invite teachers to make our store a 

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